There are currently 192 United Nations The United Nations Organization or simply United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achieving of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of (UN) member states, and each of them is a member of the United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make.[2]

According to the United Nations Charter The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the international organization called the United Nations. It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on June 26, 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries . It entered into force on October 24, 1945, after being, Chapter II Chapter II of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations organization. Membership is open to the original signatories and "all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.", Article 4:[3]

  1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
  2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military.

In principle, only sovereign states A sovereign state is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it hard to can become UN members, and all current members are fully sovereign states (although a few members were not fully sovereign when they joined the UN). Vatican City Vatican City /ˈvætɪkən ˈsɪti/ or Vatican City State, officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (pronounced [ˈsta(ː)to delːa tʃiˈtːa del vatiˈka(ː)no]), which translates literally as "State of the City of the Vatican", is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, is currently the only sovereign state with general international recognition This is a list of sovereign states, containing 203 entries, giving an overview of states around the world with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. For the sake of clarity, it is divided into two parts. The first part lists all 193 widely recognised sovereign states, including all member states of the United Nations and that is not a UN member (the Holy See The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole Catholic Church. It is also, which holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with other states, is a UN permanent observer). Because a state can only be admitted to the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, a number of states that may be considered sovereign states This is a list of sovereign states, containing 203 entries, giving an overview of states around the world with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. For the sake of clarity, it is divided into two parts. The first part lists all 193 widely recognised sovereign states, including all member states of the United Nations and according to the Montevideo Convention The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States was a treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933, during the Seventh International Conference of American States. The Convention codified the declarative theory of statehood as accepted as part of customary international law. At the conference, United States President criteria are not members because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided. The concept has been discussed, debated and questioned throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day,, mainly due to the lack of international recognition Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act, with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government. Recognition can be accorded either de facto or de jure, usually by a statement of the recognizing government or opposition from certain members.

In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states, intergovernmental organizations An intergovernmental organization, sometimes rendered as an international governmental organization and both abbreviated as IGO, is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states , or of other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental organizations are often called international organizations, although that term may also include, and other international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty are not precisely defined, to become observers at the General Assembly In addition to the current 192 member states, the United Nations welcomes many international agencies, entities, and one non-member state as observers. Observers have the right to speak at United Nations General Assembly meetings, participate in procedural votes, and to sponsor and sign resolutions, but not to vote on resolutions and other, allowing them to participate and speak, but not vote, in General Assembly meetings.

Contents

Original members

Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission. 1945 (original members) 1946–1959 1960–1989 1990–present non-member observer states Further information: History of the United Nations The History of the United Nations as an international organization has its origins in World War II. Since then its aims and activities have expanded to make it the archetypal international body in the early 21st century

The UN was founded in 1945, with 51 original members (or founding members) that joined that year.[4] 50 of them signed the United Nations Charter The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the international organization called the United Nations. It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on June 26, 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries . It entered into force on October 24, 1945, after being at the United Nations Conference on International Organization The United Nations Conference on International Organization was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United States. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the Dumbarton Oaks agreements. The convention resulted in the creation of the United Nations in San Francisco The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 12th most populous city in the United States, with a 2008 estimated population of 808,977. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of 46.7 square miles on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a on 26 June 1945, while Poland Poland /ˈpəʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of, which was not represented at the conference, signed it on 15 October 1945.

Among the original members, 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state Succession of states is a theory in international relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created state by other states, based on a perceived historical relationship the new state has with a prior state. The theory has its root in 19th century diplomacy (see table below); for example, the membership of the USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪ was continued by the Russian Federation Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal after its dissolution (see the section Former members: USSR). The other two original members, Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak and Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the second half of World War II (1943) until it was formally dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Serbia, in (i.e., the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), had been dissolved, and since all independent states established were admitted to the UN as new members, their memberships were not continued (see the sections Former members: Czechoslovakia and Former members: Yugoslavia).

At the time of UN's founding, the seat of China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity in the UN was held by the Republic of China The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia comprising the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands located off the east coast of mainland China. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south, but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 recognized the representatives of the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations" and expelled the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek "from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations", it is now held by the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible (see the section Former members: Republic of China).

Four of the original members were not fully sovereign when they joined the UN, and only gained full independence later:

Current members

Further information: List of sovereign states This is a list of sovereign states, containing 203 entries, giving an overview of states around the world with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. For the sake of clarity, it is divided into two parts. The first part lists all 193 widely recognised sovereign states, including all member states of the United Nations and

The current members are listed below with their official designations currently used by the UN and their dates of admission (original members listed with blue background).[5]

The following alphabetical order is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make sessions, where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point.[6] Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and, the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo , known until 1997 as Zaire, is a country located in Central Africa, with a small length of Atlantic coastline. It is the third largest country in Africa by area. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is, with the population more than 68 million, the eighteenth most populous nation in the world, and the fourth, the Republic of Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국, pronounced [tɛːhanminɡuk̚] ( listen)), is a country in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate, the Republic of Moldova Moldova /mɒlˈdoʊvə/ , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Coordinates: 41°36′11″N 21°42′54″E / 41.603°N 21.715°E Macedonia (Macedonian: Македонија; English: /ˌmæsɨˈdoʊniə/ mas-i-DOH-nee-ə), officially the Republic of Macedonia (Република Македонија, transliterated: Republika Makedonija [rɛˈpublika makɛˈdɔnija] ( listen)), is a landlocked country (a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN, and listed under T), and the United Republic of Tanzania Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E The United Republic of Tanzania is a nation in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian.

The members can be sorted by their dates of admission by clicking on the button in the header of the column Date of admission. See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also.

Member state[7] Date of admission See also
Afghanistan 01946-11-19 19 November 1946 ~ 
Albania 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Algeria 01962-10-08 8 October 1962 ~ 
Andorra 01993-07-28 28 July 1993 ~ 
Angola 01976-12-01 1 December 1976 ~ 
Antigua and Barbuda 01981-11-11 11 November 1981 ~ 
Argentina 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Armenia 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Australia 01945-11-01 1 November 1945 ~ 
Austria 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Azerbaijan 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Bahamas 01973-09-18 18 September 1973 ~ 
Bahrain 01971-09-21 21 September 1971 ~ 
Bangladesh 01974-09-17 17 September 1974 ~ 
Barbados 01966-12-09 9 December 1966 ~ 
Belarus 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 Former members: USSR
Belgium 01945-12-27 27 December 1945 ~ 
Belize 01981-09-25 25 September 1981 ~ 
Benin[note 1] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Bhutan 01971-09-21 21 September 1971 ~ 
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)[note 2] 01945-11-14 14 November 1945 ~ 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 01992-05-22 22 May 1992 Former members: Yugoslavia
Botswana 01966-10-17 17 October 1966 ~ 
Brazil 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Brunei Darussalam 01984-09-21 21 September 1984 ~ 
Bulgaria 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Burkina Faso[note 3] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Burundi 01962-09-18 18 September 1962 ~ 
Cambodia[note 4] 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Cameroon[note 5] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Canada 01945-11-09 9 November 1945 ~ 
Cape Verde 01975-09-16 16 September 1975 ~ 
Central African Republic[note 6] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Chad 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Chile 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
China 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 Former members: Republic of China
Colombia 01945-11-05 5 November 1945 ~ 
Comoros 01975-11-12 12 November 1975 ~ 
Congo[note 7] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Costa Rica 01945-11-02 2 November 1945 ~ 
Cote d'Ivoire  Côte d'Ivoire[note 8] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Croatia 01992-05-22 22 May 1992 Former members: Yugoslavia
Cuba 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Cyprus 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Czech Republic 01993-01-19 19 January 1993 Former members: Czechoslovakia
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 ~ 
Democratic Republic of the Congo[note 9] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Denmark 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Djibouti 01977-09-20 20 September 1977 ~ 
Dominica 01978-12-18 18 December 1978 ~ 
Dominican Republic 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Ecuador 01945-12-21 21 December 1945 ~ 
Egypt 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 Former members: United Arab Republic
El Salvador 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Equatorial Guinea 01968-11-12 12 November 1968 ~ 
Eritrea 01993-05-28 28 May 1993 ~ 
Estonia 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 Former members: USSR
Ethiopia 01945-11-13 13 November 1945 ~ 
Fiji 01970-10-13 13 October 1970 ~ 
Finland 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
France 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Gabon 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Gambia[note 10] 01965-09-21 21 September 1965 ~ 
Georgia 01992-07-31 31 July 1992 Former members: USSR
Germany 01973-09-18 18 September 1973 Former members: Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic
Ghana 01957-03-08 8 March 1957 ~ 
Greece 01945-10-25 25 October 1945 ~ 
Grenada 01974-09-17 17 September 1974 ~ 
Guatemala 01945-11-21 21 November 1945 ~ 
Guinea 01958-12-12 12 December 1958 ~ 
Guinea-Bissau 01974-09-17 17 September 1974 ~ 
Guyana 01966-09-20 20 September 1966 ~ 
Haiti 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Honduras 01945-12-17 17 December 1945 ~ 
Hungary 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Iceland 01946-11-19 19 November 1946 ~ 
India 01945-10-30 30 October 1945 ~ 
Indonesia 01950-09-28 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia (1965–1966)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)[note 11] 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Iraq 01945-12-21 21 December 1945 ~ 
Ireland 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Israel 01949-05-11 11 May 1949 ~ 
Italy 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Jamaica 01962-09-18 18 September 1962 ~ 
Japan 01956-12-18 18 December 1956 ~ 
Jordan 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Kazakhstan[note 12] 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Kenya 01963-12-16 16 December 1963 ~ 
Kiribati 01999-09-14 14 September 1999 ~ 
Kuwait 01963-05-14 14 May 1963 ~ 
Kyrgyzstan 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Lao People's Democratic Republic[note 13] 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Latvia 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 Former members: USSR
Lebanon 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Lesotho 01966-10-17 17 October 1966 ~ 
Liberia 01945-11-02 2 November 1945 ~ 
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya[note 14] 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Liechtenstein 01990-09-18 18 September 1990 ~ 
Lithuania 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 Former members: USSR
Luxembourg 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Madagascar[note 15] 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Malawi 01964-12-01 1 December 1964 ~ 
Malaysia[note 16] 01957-09-17 17 September 1957 ~ 
Maldives[note 17] 01965-09-21 21 September 1965 ~ 
Mali 01960-09-28 28 September 1960 ~ 
Malta 01964-12-01 1 December 1964 ~ 
Marshall Islands 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 ~ 
Mauritania 01961-10-27 27 October 1961 ~ 
Mauritius 01968-04-24 24 April 1968 ~ 
Mexico 01945-11-07 7 November 1945 ~ 
Micronesia (Federated States of) 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 ~ 
Monaco 01993-05-28 28 May 1993 ~ 
Mongolia 01961-10-27 27 October 1961 ~ 
Montenegro 02006-06-28 28 June 2006 Former members: Yugoslavia and Former members: Serbia and Montenegro
Morocco 01956-11-12 12 November 1956 ~ 
Mozambique 01975-09-16 16 September 1975 ~ 
Myanmar[note 18] 01948-04-19 19 April 1948 ~ 
Namibia 01990-04-23 23 April 1990 ~ 
Nauru 01999-09-14 14 September 1999 ~ 
Nepal 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Netherlands 01945-12-10 10 December 1945 ~ 
New Zealand 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Nicaragua 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Niger 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Nigeria 01960-10-07 7 October 1960 ~ 
Norway 01945-11-27 27 November 1945 ~ 
Oman 01971-10-07 7 October 1971 ~ 
Pakistan 01947-09-30 30 September 1947 ~ 
Palau 01994-12-15 15 December 1994 ~ 
Panama 01945-11-13 13 November 1945 ~ 
Papua New Guinea 01975-10-10 10 October 1975 ~ 
Paraguay 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Peru 01945-10-31 31 October 1945 ~ 
Philippines[note 19] 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Poland 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Portugal 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Qatar 01971-09-21 21 September 1971 ~ 
Republic of Korea 01991-09-17 17 September 1991 ~ 
Republic of Moldova[note 20] 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Romania 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Russian Federation 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 Former members: USSR
Rwanda 01962-09-18 18 September 1962 ~ 
Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 21] 01983-09-23 23 September 1983 ~ 
Saint Lucia 01979-09-18 18 September 1979 ~ 
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 01980-09-16 16 September 1980 ~ 
Samoa 01976-12-15 15 December 1976 ~ 
San Marino 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 ~ 
Sao Tome and Principe 01975-09-16 16 September 1975 ~ 
Saudi Arabia 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Senegal 01960-09-28 28 September 1960 ~ 
Serbia 02000-11-01 1 November 2000 Former members: Yugoslavia and Former members: Serbia and Montenegro
Seychelles 01976-09-21 21 September 1976 ~ 
Sierra Leone 01961-09-27 27 September 1961 ~ 
Singapore 01965-09-21 21 September 1965 ~ 
Slovakia 01993-01-19 19 January 1993 Former members: Czechoslovakia
Slovenia 01992-05-22 22 May 1992 Former members: Yugoslavia
Solomon Islands 01978-09-19 19 September 1978 ~ 
Somalia 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
South Africa[note 22] 01945-11-07 7 November 1945 ~ 
Spain 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Sri Lanka[note 23] 01955-12-14 14 December 1955 ~ 
Sudan 01956-11-12 12 November 1956 ~ 
Suriname[note 24] 01975-12-04 4 December 1975 ~ 
Swaziland 01968-09-24 24 September 1968 ~ 
Sweden 01946-11-19 19 November 1946 ~ 
Switzerland 02002-09-10 10 September 2002 ~ 
Syrian Arab Republic 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 Former members: United Arab Republic
Tajikistan 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Thailand[note 25] 01946-12-16 16 December 1946 ~ 
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 01993-04-08 8 April 1993 Former members: Yugoslavia
Timor-Leste 02002-09-27 27 September 2002 ~ 
Togo 01960-09-20 20 September 1960 ~ 
Tonga 01999-09-14 14 September 1999 ~ 
Trinidad and Tobago 01962-09-18 18 September 1962 ~ 
Tunisia 01956-11-12 12 November 1956 ~ 
Turkey 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Turkmenistan 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Tuvalu 02000-09-05 5 September 2000 ~ 
Uganda 01962-10-25 25 October 1962 ~ 
Ukraine 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 Former members: USSR
United Arab Emirates 01971-12-09 9 December 1971 ~ 
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 26] 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
United Republic of Tanzania 01961-12-14 14 December 1961 Former members: Tanganyika and Zanzibar
United States of America[note 27] 01945-10-24 24 October 1945 ~ 
Uruguay 01945-12-18 18 December 1945 ~ 
Uzbekistan 01992-03-02 2 March 1992 Former members: USSR
Vanuatu 01981-09-15 15 September 1981 ~ 
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)[note 28] 01945-11-15 15 November 1945 ~ 
Viet Nam 01977-09-20 20 September 1977 ~ 
Yemen 01947-09-30 30 September 1947 Former members: Yemen and Democratic Yemen
Zambia 01964-12-01 1 December 1964 ~ 
Zimbabwe 01980-08-25 25 August 1980 ~ 
Notes on name changes and variations[8]
  1. ^ Benin: Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975.
  2. ^ Bolivia (Plurinational State of): Previously referred to as Bolivia.
  3. ^ Burkina Faso: Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984.
  4. ^ Cambodia: Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970, and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975. Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976, and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990.
  5. ^ Cameroon: Previously referred to as Cameroun (before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961). By a letter of 4 January 1974, the Secretary-General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon. Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984.
  6. ^ Central African Republic: By a letter of 20 December 1976, the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire. Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979.
  7. ^ Congo: Previously referred to as Congo (Brazzaville) (to differentiate it from Congo (Leopoldville)) and the People's Republic of the Congo. Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 (after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire). Also referred to as Congo (Republic of the).
  8. ^ Côte d'Ivoire: Previously referred to as Ivory Coast. On 6 November 1985, Côte d’lvoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986.
  9. ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo: Previously referred to as Congo (Leopoldville) (to differentiate it from Congo (Brazzaville)). Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971, and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997.
  10. ^ Gambia: Previously referred to as The Gambia.
  11. ^ Iran (Islamic Republic of): Previously referred to as Iran. By a communication of 5 March 1981, Iran informed the Secretary-General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  12. ^ Kazakhstan: Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997.
  13. ^ Lao People's Democratic Republic: Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975.
  14. ^ Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Previously referred to as Libya and the Libyan Arab Republic. By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977, the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
  15. ^ Madagascar: Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic.
  16. ^ Malaysia: Name was changed from the Federation of Malaya on 16 September 1963, after the admission of Singapore, Sabah (formerly North Borneo), and Sarawak to the federation. Singapore became an independent state on 9 August 1965 and a UN member on 21 September 1965.
  17. ^ Maldives: Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands.
  18. ^ Myanmar: Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989.
  19. ^ Philippines: Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth (before becoming a republic in 1946) and the Philippine Republic.
  20. ^ Republic of Moldova: Previously referred to as Moldova.
  21. ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis: Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986; the UN, however, continued to use the former name throughout the year.
  22. ^ South Africa: Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa (before becoming a republic in 1961).
  23. ^ Sri Lanka: Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972.
  24. ^ Suriname: Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978.
  25. ^ Thailand: Previously referred to as Siam.
  26. ^ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Also referred to as the United Kingdom.
  27. ^ United States of America: Also referred to as the United States.
  28. ^ Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): Previously referred to as Venezuela.

Former members

Five former members, either after their dissolution or merging with other members, did not have their memberships in the UN continued by any state:

On the other hand, the USSR and Serbia and Montenegro (previously the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) had their memberships continued by a successor state after their dissolution, while the two states that formed the short-lived United Arab Republic resumed their separate memberships after its dissolution.

The Republic of China, currently a de facto sovereign state with limited international recognition, was previously recognized as the legitimate representative of China in the UN.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic on 20 April 1990. Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia, in a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as successor states, would apply for membership in the UN. Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993.[8]

Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic

Both the Federal Republic of Germany (i.e., West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (i.e., East Germany) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the two states united to form one sovereign state, which continued as a single member under the name Germany.[8]

Republic of China

Further information: China and the United Nations

China, under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China (ROC) at that time, joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[9] In 1949, as a result of the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang-led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to Taiwan, and the Communist Party-led government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), declared on 1 October 1949, took control of mainland China. The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China; however, the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN, despite the small size of the ROC's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC's jurisdiction of mainland China. As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were not approved for the next two decades, as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members.

By the 1970s, a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count. On 25 October 1971, the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC's admission into the UN,[10] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, by which it recognized that "the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council," and decided "to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it."[11] This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN, including its permanent seat on the Security Council, from the ROC to the PRC, and expelled the ROC from the UN.

Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan

Further information: Political status of Taiwan and Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China

Between 1993 and 2007, the ROC repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the UN as the representative of Taiwan, instead of as the representative of China, using the designation "Republic of China on Taiwan" (used by the Kuomintang-led administration under Lee Teng-hui), "Republic of China (Taiwan)" (used by the Democratic Progressive Party-led administration under Chen Shui-bian), or "Taiwan" (used by the administration under Chen Shui-bian for the first time in 2007). In its application, the ROC government has called on the international community to "recognize the right of the 23 million people of Taiwan to representation in the United Nations system".[12] However, all fifteen attempts were denied, either because the petition failed to get sufficient votes to get on the formal agenda, or because the application was rejected by the UN, due primarily to the opposition of the PRC.

Responding to the ROC's application in 2007, which was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758,[13] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon stated that:[14]

With the understanding of the Governor and the Chairman, I will briefly mention that membership into the UN ultimately needs to be decided by the Member States of the United Nations. Membership is given to a sovereign country. The position of the United Nations is that the People's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution (General Assembly Resolution 2758) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China.

Responding to the UN's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation.[15] The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly,[16] contrary to UN's standard procedure (Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59).[17] On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN's decision "was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states' universal adherence to the one-China principle".[18]

In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying-jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before.[19]

The ROC is currently recognized by 23 UN member or observer states.

Serbia and Montenegro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

By 1992, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had been effectively dissolved after the declaration of independence by the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia. A new state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia.[20] The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[21]; however, on 30 May 1992, United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted, by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars, and noted that "the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted,"[22] and on 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1 was adopted, by which it considered that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations," and therefore decided that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly".[23][24] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years, but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office, it applied for membership, and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000.[25] (For more information on the membership of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see the section Former members: Yugoslavia)

On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[26] On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared itself independent from Serbia on 3 June 2006. In a letter dated on the same day, the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence, in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro.[27] Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006.[28]

On 17 February 2008, Kosovo, an autonomous province of Serbia that had been under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo since 1999, declared its independence, but this has not been recognized by Serbia. Kosovo is not expected to be admitted to the UN in the near future due to the resistance of Russia and China to recognizing Kosovo, as admission to the UN requires approval from the United Nations Security Council, and the two countries, as its permanent members, have veto power.[29] Kosovo is currently recognised by 67 UN member states, and is a member of the International Monetary Fund[30] and the World Bank Group,[31] both specialized agencies in the United Nations System.

Tanganyika and Zanzibar

Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961, and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963. Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states merged to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which continued as a single member, with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964.[8]

United Arab Republic

Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent state, resumed its separate membership in the UN. Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic, until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971. Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971.[8]

USSR

Further information: Soviet Union and the United Nations

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[9] Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR, in a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[8]

The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN:

Yemen and Democratic Yemen

Yemen (i.e., North Yemen) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947; Southern Yemen (i.e., South Yemen) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967, with its name changed to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970, and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen. On 22 May 1990, the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen, which continued as a single member under the name Yemen.[8]

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (i.e., the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. By 1992, it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states, which were all subsequently admitted to the UN:

Due to the dispute over its legal successor states, the member state "Yugoslavia" (referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution.[8] Following the admission of all five states as new UN members, "Yugoslavia" was removed from the official roster of UN members.

Suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal of members

See also: Withdrawal from the United Nations

A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN, according to the United Nations Charter. From Chapter II, Article 5:[3]

A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

From Article 6:[3]

A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Since its inception, no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6. In the viewpoint of the UN, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, which recognized the People's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971, did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 (this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members, which included the Republic of China itself and the United States, which at that time still recognized the Republic of China).[34]

In October 1974, the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN, in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter, due to its apartheid policies.[8] However, the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In response, the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly's 29th session on 12 November 1974; however, South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5. The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994, following its successful democratic elections earlier that year.[35]

Withdrawal of Indonesia (1965–1966)

Since its inception, only one member state (excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN. During the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, in a letter dated 20 January 1965, Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that it had decided "at this stage and under the present circumstances" to withdraw from the UN. However, following the overthrow of the Indonesian regime led by President Sukarno, in a telegram dated 19 September 1966, Indonesia notified the Secretary-General of its decision "to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty-first session of the General Assembly". On 28 September 1966, the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly.[8]

Unlike suspension and expulsion, no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN (largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail, or to evade obligations under the Charter, similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations),[34] or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership, i.e., requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval. Indonesia's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required; however, scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view.[36]

Observers and non-members

See also: Activities of the Holy See within the United Nations system

In addition to the member states, there is currently one non-member permanent observer state: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with other states). It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964,[37] and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004.[38] Several current or former members were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN, such as:

The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status on 22 November 1974.[41] Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988, the United Nations General Assembly decided that, effective as of 15 December 1988, the designation "Palestine" should be used in place of the designation "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the United Nations System.[42] The current status of Palestine in the UN is a "non-member entity".[43] The Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, occupied by Israel with parts of them governed by the Palestinian National Authority, are referred to by the UN as "Occupied Palestinian Territory".[44]

The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front. Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco, the remainder (the Free Zone) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, proclaimed by the Polisario Front. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is neither a member nor an observer of the UN, and Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a "non-self-governing territory".[45]

The Cook Islands and Niue, which are both associated states of New Zealand, are neither members nor observers of the UN, but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO[46] and UNESCO,[47] and signatories of international treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.[48] While self-governing in their domestic affairs, most of their foreign affairs are represented by New Zealand on their behalf.

References

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  33. ^ Lewis, Paul (April 8, 1993). "U.N. Compromise Lets Macedonia Be a Member". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/08/world/un-compromise-lets-macedonia-be-a-member.html.
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